Jean-Jacques Rotthier Collection (1932–2009), Brussels, then by descent

The form of this cross represents a development of the quadrilobate type common during the 14ᵗʰ and 15ᵗʰ centuries, achieved through the multiplication of peripheral motifs—crosses and “birds” formed by the inscription. These birds peck at the fruits of the Tree of Life represented by the Cross. Its unusual thickness is a sign of its historical importance.

Side 1, inscription: “The Cross of Téwodros, King of Šäwa, and of his father Ammeha-Iyäsus [reigned c. 1743–1775], and his mother Wälättä-Nob'etsub, and Asfa-Wäsän [reigned c. 1775–1807].”

Téwodros was the baptismal name of Asfa-Wäsän. The inscription reveals that Asfa-Wäsän was the first ruler of Šäwa to claim the title of negus (“king”), associating it with his baptismal name. In doing so, it contradicts the writings of Ethiopian historiographers, who attribute this first claim to his grandson Sahlé-Sellassié. “King Téwodros” probably commissioned this cross shortly after his accession to the throne (alga) in 1775, following the death of Ammeha-Iyäsus, for liturgical use within the royal camp.

The art of Šäwa is highly distinctive owing to the region’s semi-autonomous status since the 17ᵗʰ century. This cross is the earliest known example bearing the name of a Šäwan ruler.

It was published by Mario Di Salvo, who mistakenly identified this Téwodros as Tewodros II, the Emperor of Ethiopia who took his own life at Magdala in 1868 (Crosses of Ethiopia, 2006, pp. 142–143).

Side 2: Crucifixion (Christ on the Cross between the Virgin Mary and Saint John).